How often, depends on the well and how often it is needed. Best way, also depends on what you are trying to kill off and how much water is in your well. Most things have to be treated several times and/or regularly. I hate to give well treating advice as there are so many variables. But with my 200', 25 GPM well I circulate a gallon of vinegar, then a strong dose of chlorine. After circulating it in the well and through out my piping system I let it set for a couple hours. Then I pump it until most of the chlorine smell is gone, making sure not to get any in my septic tank.
Things like that filter housing I would let soak in a bucket full of strong chlorine and clean it up.