Gary- as I said, I've taped and doped a male adaptor of either ABS or PVC, and screwed it into a female adaptor of the other type of plastic, to avoid "ferncos" because I didn't understand their proper use.If there's ABS present I tie into it with PVC because I've read that ABS crazes, but clients object to removing it on the grounds that "it'll go bad later". I also don't have the special torque wrench for them, although they aren't real spendy. Thanks for the hackalert, though.When replacing drains, I've generaly cut the galv out of the closet bend or tee and chased the threads with a tap,then screwed in PVC. So, banded couplings above ground and rubber boots below.Thanks,Cass. And HJ! Don't 'spose there's reducing banded couplings? Not sure how they'd make those, but my biggest tap (and die) is 1.5" ...