An air pocket won't stop flow in a water supply pipe...the supply pressure will just push the air out and eventually, sometimes with a bunch of spitting and sputtering, it will all get pushed out and things will return to normal.
But, any time you shut the water off, you can dislodge some crud in the line and depending on the location, could clog things up. Also check that the supply line to the toilet that no longer works isn't one of the Watts Flood-safe hoses or valves. If so, the safety valve may have blocked flow. Most people think these are more trouble than they are worth, and the suggestion is to replace it with a different type.