First thing you should do is look aroung and see if you can find the original handle, it looks like someone took it off for some reason.
>>>Assuming I’m gentle, will trying to remove the handle likely result in me damaging the actual valve?<<<
I don't think so.
>>>If simply replacing the handle is a reasonable possibility, am I correct in thinking that I don’t need to have the city shut the water at the street, just to replace the handle?<<<
Yes
>>>1) a circular ring that has a stub of metal sticking up from it (... maybe what’s left of the old handle? ... maybe part of the actual valve casting?)<<<
That is the handle stop to keep it from going round and round
>>>2) a 6 sided nut<<<
Thats what held the handle on
>>>3) then finally some sort of top piece that I can’t decide what it is/does (... is it another nut?)<<<
Could be, it look like your valve has two nuts, a lot only have one
What you have to do is take the top nut off, you will need to hold back on the handle stop and use two pair of pliers, that nut should be a self locker so it will take a little effort to get it loose, the handle stop will then come off, do not lose either piece.
Once you get them off you should see a threaded shaft comming out of the valve, it will not be round, it will be more like an elongated rectangle, if you turn that shft crossways to the pipe the valve will be off, if you turn it longways the valve will be open.
I'm enclosing a picture of a handle, you should be able to see the shape of the hole.
Finding a handle that fits that valve may be a prob. you may have to buy a valve just to get the handle (they are not all the same)
P.S after looking at you pictures again DO NOT TOUCH THE LOWER NUT ON THE VALVE, THATS A PACKING NUT!!
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