If the black suff is gritty, then you should shut off the pump before it is damged.
The gritty says something changed in the well, like possibly something collapsed or a new 'vein' opened bringing this gritty material into the well. That can happen for a number of reasons but more likely in a drought situation than heavy rain but eiither is possible.
What type of well do you have and how much grit and how black is in the water? Does the black settle to the bottom of a glass of the water when left sit for a time. How long does it take to settle and/or clear?
Gary
Quality Water Associates